Mortgaged Land and Usufruct-Mortgage (Bhogbondhok)

Short answer: (1) Mortgaged land remains the owner's — personal/agricultural land keeps its usual rules (no zakat on value; ushr on crops), and trade-goods land stays zakatable at market value despite the mortgage. (2) 'Bhogbondhok' — the lender enjoying the land's produce in exchange for the loan — falls under riba per evidence-based scholars: any stipulated benefit drawn from a loan is the essence of riba. The contract should be exited for lawful alternatives (a separate market-rate lease, or selling a portion). Details: Pledging (rahn) itself is lawful — the Quran endorses held collateral; what is impermissible is the lender consuming the pledge's yield, being profit on a loan. In bhogbondhok, ushr on the crop falls on whoever farms and owns the produce; yet paying ushr does not cleanse the unlawful contract — it must be corrected. Evidence: Quran 2:283 (legitimacy of pledges); Quran 2:275; Sahih al-Bukhari 2068 (the Prophet ﷺ pawned his armour for barley — collateral yes, lender's extra benefit no); the Permanent Committee and Shaykh Ibn Baz that consuming a pledged land's produce against a loan is riba. For complex individual cases, consult a qualified scholar.